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#COBALT BLUE STAINED GLASS FREE#

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Smalt, Bruno Mühlethaler and Jean Thissen, Studies in Conservation, Vol.Wood and Hsu Yi-Ting, 2019, Internet Archaeology 52, Internet Archaeology An Archaeometallurgical Explanation for the Disappearance of Egyptian and Near Eastern Cobalt-Blue Glass at the end of the Late Bronze Age, Jonathan, R.Koboltgruvene og blaafarveværket: en del af den store verden (in Norwegian). ^ David Masson, Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, 1607-1610, vol.Thyssen, "Smalt", In : A.Roy, Artist's Pigments: A handbook of Their Characteristics, volume 2, 1993, p. Painting materials: a short encyclopaedia. ^ Rutherford John Gettens George Leslie Stout (1966).2 (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1997). ^ See also: Bruno Mühlethaler and Jean Thissen, "Smalt," pages 113–130 in Ashok Roy, ed., Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, vol.Ciliberto, "Decay characteristics of glassy pigments: an XPS investigation of smalt paint layers," Applied Physics A, vol. ^ See: (1) Mauro Bacci and Marcello Picollo, "Non-Destructive Spectroscopic Detection of Cobalt(II) in Paintings and Glass," Studies in Conservation, vol.sur les châteaux royaux et les beaux-arts au XVIE siècle, recueillis par le marq. Les comptes des bâtiments du roi, 1528–1571. Freer Gallery of Art, The Smithsonian Institution and Department of the History of Art, University of Michigan. "Notes on the Use of Cobalt in Later Chinese Ceramics". Cobalto, zaffera, smalto dall'antichità al XVIII secolo (in Italian).

^ Seccaroni, Claudio Haldi, Jean-Pierre (2016).

^ a b "The Changing Properties of Smalt Over Time".

^ Glass Plates, Cobalt, Flinn Scientific.

The result was an intensely blue glass-like substance that was ground and sold to producers of glassware and porcelain. The process used for producing cobalt smalt glass at the Blaafarveværket industrial manufacturing center in Norway in the 19th century has been documented as smelting cobalt oxide together with quartz and potassium carbonate. James VI and I considered awarding a patent for making a "blue azure" product for this purpose in Scotland in February 1609. In England and Scotland, smalt was added to laundry starch. However, its presence in Dieric Bouts' The Entombment from circa 1455 proves that it was used at least a century earlier. The invention of a European smalt process has traditionally been credited to a Bohemian glassmaker named Christoph Schürer, around 1540–1560. 1483), and in the frescos of Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449–1494). 1540), in Michael Pacher's painting "The Early Fathers' Altar" (ca. For example, it is found in Hans Holbein the Younger's portrait of Sir William Butts (ca. Smalt, normally now discoloured, is common in European paintings from the 15th to 17th centuries. A large quantity of smalt was purchased for the decoration of the gallery of Francis I of France at Fontainebleau in 1536. A fragment of a mud painting in the ancient Tangut city of Khara-Khoto has been found to contain smalt, judged to be dated between the 11th and 13th centuries. Cobalt was used as a pigment in Central Asia from the 13th century. Samples of smalt in the Historical dye collection of the Technical University of Dresden, GermanyĬhinese porcelain used smalt glazes from the Tang dynasty onwards, though Chinese cobalt glass is found from the Zhou dynasty (1122–221 BC).